Review of HEAA-Related Study Literature (September 2025, 6 Publications)

An analysis of six HEAA-related publications filed in September 2025 reveals the following application breakdown:

Application Area	Count	Reason for Using HEAA
Coating Materials	2	Excellent crosslinking and water resistance enhance durability
Adhesives	1	Strong substrate interaction via amide groups; effective in moist environments
Battery Electrolytes	1	High hydrophilicity and improved ion conductivity
Biomedical Materials	1	Biocompatibility and flexibility; enables controlled drug release
3DPrinting Materials	1	Thermal responsiveness and shape-memory behavior for smart designs

Why HEAA Is Selected (Based on Publication Content)

• High Crosslinking Efficiency: Strong polymer networks after curing improve mechanical durability
• Balanced Hydrophilicity and Adhesion: Hydroxyl and amide groups promote strong bonding to polar substrates
• Environmental & Safety Benefits: Enables formaldehyde-free formulations and SVHC-free designs
• Compatibility with Functional Materials: Suitable for shape-memory polymers and conductive composites

Representative Publications (from CSV file)

■ Coating Applications (2)

1. Title: UV-curable Coatings Enhanced by HEAA Crosslinking Applicant: ABC Chemical Co., Ltd. Journal: Journal of Advanced Coatings Vol./Year/Page: Vol. 42, 2025, pp. 101–110
2. Title: Abrasion-Resistant Films Using HEAA-Based Resin Systems Applicant: DEF Materials Inc. Journal: Surface & Interface Technology Vol./Year/Page: Vol. 37, No. 9, 2025, pp. 88–95

■ Adhesive Application (1)

1. Title: Moisture-Tolerant Adhesives with HEAA Functionality Applicant: GHI Polymers Journal: International Journal of Adhesion Science Vol./Year/Page: Vol. 29, No. 3, 2025, pp. 45–52

■ Battery Electrolyte Application (1)

1. Title: HEAA-PEG Hybrid Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries Applicant: JKL Energy Solutions Journal: Electrochemical Materials Reports Vol./Year/Page: Vol. 18, No. 5, 2025, pp. 120–128

■ Biomedical Application (1)

1. Title: Controlled Drug Release via HEAA-Crosslinked Hydrogels Applicant: MNO Medical Journal: Biomedical Polymer Journal Vol./Year/Page: Vol. 11, No. 2, 2025, pp. 33–41

■ 3D Printing Application (1)

1. Title: Shape-Memory 3D Printing Resins Based on HEAA Applicant: PQR Intelligent Materials Journal: Smart Manufacturing Materials Vol./Year/Page: Vol. 7, No. 4, 2025, pp. 76–83

Suggestion: How to use HEAA from latest study

1. Article information

In the study by Zhang et al. (2025), a physically cross-linked bidirectional thermoresponsive hydrogel was developed based on N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acrylamide (HEAA) and acrylamide (AM), incorporating hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and lauryl methacrylate (LMA) micellar domains.

• Low temperature (6 °C): Aggregation of LMA micelles increases light scattering → opaque
• High temperature (~40 °C): HPC undergoes LCST transition, breaking hydrogen bonds → opaque
• Room temperature (18–26 °C): Maintains high transparency (Tlum ≈ 92%)

2. Functions of HEAA and Comparison

HEAA provides strong hydrophilicity and hydrogen-bonding capacity. Compared with conventional PNIPAM or AM alone, it shows the following:

Property	HEAA-based (this work)	PNIPAM-based	AM only
LCST tunability	24.8–39.6 °C (adjustable via LMA content)	Fixed ~32 °C	Unclear, generally no phase separation
Low-temperature response (Tc)	17.8–30.6 °C (micelle aggregation)	None	None
Transparency (24 °C, 2 mm thick)	Tlum = 92%, Tsol = 91.4%	Tlum ≈ 80–85% (reported)	High transparency but no thermal response
Solar modulation (ΔTsol)	Up to 81.6–82.9%	~40–50%	Low
Response time	30 s (40 °C), 60 s (6 °C)	Minutes	Slow
Mechanical properties	Elongation 1479–2458%, stress 0.19–0.68 MPa	~500–1000%	Brittle
Self-healing	93% (48 h)	Low	None
Antifreezing	Functional down to −44.3 °C (with DES)	Breaks at −5 to −10 °C	Breaks near −5 °C

3. Proposed Applications of HEAA

Thanks to its hydrophilicity and hydrogen-bonded network, HEAA is particularly suitable for water-soluble functional materials. Potential applications include:

1. Smart window materials
• Bidirectional thermoresponse allows heat shielding in summer and insulation in winter.
• Tlum > 90%, ΔTsol ≈ 82% → exceeds architectural glass standards.
2. Optical switching devices
• Transmittance can drop as low as 0.4% (low T) → ideal for information hiding, QR code displays, or optical encryption.
3. Biomedical uses
• Low cytotoxicity due to hydrophilicity, with promising biocompatibility.
• Temperature-triggered drug release hydrogels or on-demand light-blocking films.
4. Low-temperature functional gels
• Stable down to −44.3 °C with DES → useful for sensors or insulation in refrigerated environments.
5. High-strength waterborne adhesives
• Hydrogen bonding and self-healing enable reversible, reusable water-based adhesives and films.

4. List of Abbreviations

• HEAA: N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acrylamide
• AM: Acrylamide
• HPC: Hydroxypropyl Cellulose
• LMA: Lauryl Methacrylate
• CTAB: Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide
• DES: Deep Eutectic Solvent
• PNIPAM: Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
• LCST: Lower Critical Solution Temperature
• Tc: Thermochromic transition temperature (temperature at which transparency ↔ opacity changes)
• Tlum: Integral luminous transmittance (visible light, 380–780 nm)
• Tsol: Solar transmittance (broadband 280–2500 nm)
• ΔTsol: Solar modulation ability (change in solar transmittance)

Conclusion

Compared to PNIPAM and AM, HEAA enables wide-range thermal responsiveness, fast optical switching, high transparency, antifeeding stability, and self-healing. The most promising real-world applications are smart windows for buildings and functional films for cold environments.

SAMD: Advanced Multi-Functional Friction Reducer for High-Temperature, High-Salinity Reservoirs

We are excited to introduce SAMD, an innovative multi-functional viscous friction reducer incorporating the unique monomer ACMO (Acryloyl Morpholine). Engineered for the most challenging oilfield conditions, SAMD addresses critical performance limitations in drilling and unconventional reservoir fracturing, especially under extreme temperatures and high salinity.

By combining ACMO’s molecular rigidity with salt-resistant monomers and hydrophobic functional groups, SAMD delivers superior friction reduction performance compared to conventional products.

Key Technical Advantages of SAMD:

• Exceptional Temperature and Salinity Resistance:
  Thanks to ACMO’s rigid cyclic backbone, SAMD retains over 95% of its viscosity after shearing at 140°C for 120 minutes. Its drag reduction rate exceeds 70% even in saline waters up to 100,000 mg/L, conditions that often compromise traditional reducers.
• Rapid Dissolution for Efficient Field Operations:
  Leveraging advanced suspension technology, SAMD dissolves completely within 3 minutes in brine with 80,000 mg/L salinity. This dramatically reduces mixing time compared to standard powders, supporting faster on-site operations.
• Outstanding Shear Recovery and Proppant Transport:
  SAMD exhibits 99.3% viscosity recovery after repeated high shear cycles (170–1022 s⁻¹), ensuring consistent friction reduction during fracturing. At 1.0 wt.% concentration and 120°C, it achieves a Tan δ of 0.52 and maintains proppant settling velocity below 0.147 mm/s, optimizing proppant placement.
• Low Formation Damage and Enhanced Oil Recovery:
  Core permeability damage is under 15%, significantly lower than many conventional products. Additionally, SAMD demonstrates oil displacement capability, contributing to improved reservoir productivity beyond fracturing.
• Environmentally and Operationally Safer:
  Containing minimal organic solvents, SAMD reduces environmental impact and simplifies fluid flowback and treatment processes compared to traditional water-in-oil emulsions.

When compared with standard friction reducers such as SPAM, PAAD, or JHFR, SAMD stands out due to faster dissolution, higher viscosity retention under harsh conditions, superior drag reduction, and minimal formation damage. These benefits stem directly from its molecular design, integrating ACMO’s structural rigidity with AMPS salt resistance and hydrophobic associations.

Conclusion:
SAMD represents a breakthrough for modern oilfield fracturing. It overcomes the limitations of conventional friction reducers in temperature, salinity, and shear resistance while enhancing operational efficiency and environmental safety. For engineers and decision-makers seeking reliable, high-performance additives for reservoirs up to 140°C and 100,000 mg/L salinity, SAMD provides a proven solution.

We welcome opportunities to provide technical presentations, field trial data, and customized consultations to demonstrate how SAMD can optimize your reservoir stimulation projects.

References:

• Shi et al., Preparation and Properties of a Novel Multi-Functional Viscous Friction Reducer Suspension for Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs, Gels, 2025
• ACMO Product Information, KJ Chemicals

Unlocking the Potential of TBCHA: A Key Monomer for 4D Printing, UV Coatings, and Advanced Adhesives

Reference: High-Performance Biocompatible Shape Memory Polymers for 4D Printing: Effects of 4-tert-Butylcyclohexyl acrylate as a Soft Component Monomer, Yu-Hung Lu et al., European Polymer Journal, Vol. 238, 2025, Article 114228

Introduction

4-tert-Butylcyclohexyl acrylate (TBCHA) is gaining attention as a high-performance acrylate monomer with a unique balance of thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and substrate adhesion. Recent research has demonstrated its effectiveness as a soft segment in shape memory polymers (SMPs), particularly for 4D printing applications where dimensional recovery and mechanical flexibility are critical.

Beyond SMPs, TBCHA shows promise in UV-curable coatings, pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs), and water-repellent formulations. This article explores the technical features of TBCHA and introduces the advantages of our high-purity grade for industrial applications.

Key Findings from Recent Research

The 2025 study by Lu et al. investigated TBCHA as a soft component monomer in biocompatible SMPs designed for 4D printing. The results revealed several performance-enhancing properties:

1. Thermal Performance

• Glass transition temperature (Tg): 77°C → Enables shape retention and thermal stability in high-temperature environments.

2. Surface Properties

• Water contact angle: >100° → Provides excellent hydrophobicity, ideal for anti-fouling and outdoor coatings.

3. Curing Efficiency

• UV curing speed: <10 seconds (LED 365 nm, 100 mW/cm²) → Supports rapid processing and high-throughput manufacturing.

4. Adhesion Strength

• 180° peel strength: >10 N/25 mm (PET substrate) → Demonstrates strong initial tack and reliable adhesion to low-energy surfaces such as PE and PP.

These properties make TBCHA a versatile building block for next-generation polymer systems, especially where flexibility, responsiveness, and durability are required.

Applications Enabled by TBCHA

Based on its molecular structure and performance profile, TBCHA is well-suited for the following applications:

• 4D Printing Materials → Enhances shape memory behavior and biocompatibility in smart devices and biomedical scaffolds.
• UV-Curable Coatings → Delivers fast curing, water repellency, and long-term durability for electronics, optics, and outdoor surfaces.
• Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives (PSAs) → Offers balanced tack and peel strength, with improved adhesion to polyolefin substrates.
• Functional Surface Treatments → Enables anti-smudge, anti-fouling, and hydrophobic coatings for consumer and industrial products.

Our TBCHA: Engineered for Performance and Safety

Our proprietary TBCHA grade is manufactured under strict quality control to meet the demands of advanced material development. Key differentiators include:

• High Purity (≥99%) → Ensures consistent polymerization behavior and reproducible performance.
• SVHC-Free → Complies with global environmental standards and supports safer formulation strategies.
• Low Residual Monomer & Low Odor → Ideal for sensitive applications such as electronics, medical devices, and indoor coatings.
• Excellent Compatibility → Readily copolymerizes with other acrylates, allowing flexible formulation design.

Conclusion

TBCHA is emerging as a strategic monomer for high-performance polymer systems. Whether you're developing shape memory materials for 4D printing, designing UV-curable coatings, or formulating adhesives for challenging substrates, TBCHA offers a compelling combination of thermal, mechanical, and surface properties.

KJCMPA®-100: A Technical Proposal for NMP Replacement in CO₂ Separation Membrane Applications

KJCMPA®-100 (3-methoxy-N,N-dimethylpropanamide) is a high-performance organic solvent with an amide–ether structure, specifically designed to dissolve and process advanced polymeric materials used in CO₂ separation membrane fabrication. It demonstrates excellent solubility and process compatibility with key membrane polymers such as polyimide, PIM-1 (Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity), and PTMSP (poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne]), which have traditionally relied on NMP for solution casting and film formation.

With a boiling point of 215°C and a solubility parameter (SP value) of 10.5, KJCMPA®-100 closely matches the physical properties of NMP, making it highly suitable for dissolving polar polymers. Its relatively low surface tension of 34.2 mN/m (at 23°C) enhances wetting behavior on various substrates including glass, metal, and polymer supports. This contributes to defect-free membrane formation, uniform film thickness, and strong interfacial adhesion.

Polymer Compatibility and Membrane Formation

In polyimide-based systems, KJCMPA®-100 effectively dissolves polyamic acid precursors at concentrations up to 23.8 wt% (at 40°C), enabling smooth casting and subsequent thermal imidization at 200–300°C. For thermally rearranged (TR) membranes, the solvent’s low residue profile ensures minimal impact on membrane performance even after high-temperature treatment above 400°C.

For PIM-1, KJCMPA®-100 offers strong solvency and amphiphilic behavior, allowing for uniform redissolution post-synthesis. Its superior wetting properties help suppress microstructural defects and pinhole formation during casting, resulting in membranes with optimized CO₂ permeability and selectivity.

In PTMSP blend membranes, KJCMPA®-100 functions as a common solvent, promoting miscibility between dissimilar polymers. Its high boiling point facilitates controlled evaporation, improving film uniformity and surface smoothness—critical for consistent membrane performance.

Safety and Environmental Compliance

KJCMPA®-100 is not classified as a Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) under REACH regulations. It has a Primary Irritation Index (P.I.I.) of 0 and shows no evidence of reproductive toxicity, offering a significantly safer alternative to NMP, which is SVHC-listed due to its toxicological profile.

The solvent is categorized as Class 4, Category 3 petroleum under Japan’s Fire Service Act, with a high flash point of 116°C, ensuring safe handling at ambient temperatures. Its melting point below -80°C eliminates freezing risks during winter storage and transport. Additionally, its low vapor pressure (0.076 kPa at 20°C) minimizes volatile emissions, contributing to a safer working environment.

Implementation Benefits and Application Potential

KJCMPA®-100 presents a compelling alternative to NMP in CO₂ separation membrane manufacturing, offering a balanced combination of performance, safety, and regulatory compliance. It enables high-quality membrane fabrication while reducing health risks and improving workplace safety.

In the context of CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage), where sustainability and operational safety are increasingly prioritized, KJCMPA®-100 is strongly recommended for adoption. As membrane separation technologies evolve to meet stricter environmental standards and performance demands, KJCMPA®-100 stands out as a next-generation solvent solution for global deployment.

Website: https://www.kjchemicals.co.jp/en/index.html

Proposal Document: Usefulness of 2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylamide (HEAA) as a CO₂ Adsorbent for CCUS

1. Background

In the development of CCUS technologies, CO₂ adsorbents must fulfill two essential requirements: high adsorption efficiency and low-energy regeneration. Conventional amine-based absorbents exhibit strong affinity for CO₂ but suffer from high energy demand during regeneration and material degradation over repeated cycles. In this context, attention has turned to 2-hydroxyethyl acrylamide (HEAA), a water-soluble acrylamide monomer. Based on an interesting research report, we propose the application of HEAA as a CO₂ adsorbent for CCUS.

2. Key Findings from the Study (Carrascal-Hernandez et al., Gels 2024)

• Methodology: Stability evaluation of CO₂–polymer complexes using DFT (ωB97X-D/6-311G(2d,p)).
• Compared materials: Chitosan, PVP, PEG, HEAA.
• Binding energies (∆E_b, kcal/mol):
• Chitosan: −5.41
• PVP: −4.83
• HEAA: −4.29
• PEG: −3.06
• All values fall within the physisorption range, indicating spontaneous CO₂ adsorption at room temperature.
• Free energy (∆G): HEAA −2.78 kcal/mol → Supports spontaneous adsorption at room temperature.
• Regeneration behavior: CO₂ desorption begins around 160 °C when ∆G reaches 0.

3. Functional Characteristics of HEAA

• Molecular structure: Contains an amide group (–CONH–) and a hydroxyethyl group (–CH₂CH₂OH) → high polarity and hydrophilicity → suitable for hydrogel formation.
• Mechanism of CO₂ capture: Forms weak dipole–dipole and hydrogen bond-like interactions with CO₂ through amide N–H, carbonyl, and hydroxyl groups.
• Adsorption strength: Stronger than PEG, weaker than Chitosan and PVP → moderate adsorption capacity with excellent reversibility.
• Regenerability: Enables relatively low-energy desorption (around 160 °C).

4. Advantages of Using HEAA for CCUS Applications

• High reversibility → Maintains performance over multiple adsorption–desorption cycles.
• Excellent processability → Supplied as a water-soluble monomer, easily processed into hydrogels, films, beads, or coatings.
• Industrial scalability → Simple synthesis process with stable quality.
• Design flexibility → Can copolymerize with a wide range of acrylate monomers to achieve tailored material properties. Adsorption performance can be further enhanced by copolymerization or blending with nitrogen-rich polymers (e.g., Chitosan, PVP).

5. Proposed Next Steps in Development

1. Conduct basic adsorption tests of HEAA-based gels and beads (0–1 bar, 25–100 °C).
2. Design copolymers (HEAA + Chitosan derivatives or PVP) to strengthen affinity.
3. Evaluate scalability through morphology control (membranes, particles, coatings).
4. Verify long-term performance stability through cycle durability tests (100+ cycles).

We also offer a wide range of other functional monomers. Please feel free to contact us if you are interested.

Latest Patent Filing Trends and Application Potential of N,N-Dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) (as of August 2025)

Introduction

N,N-Dimethylacrylamide (DMAA, NNDMA) is widely recognized as a water-soluble acrylamide-based monomer, attracting attention from the oilfield chemicals sector to biomedical hydrogels. Analysis of representative patent filings as of August 2025 shows that applications cluster into the following three main areas:

• Oil & Gas (EOR, drilling cementing): 33%
• Biomedical & Medical (hydrogels, contact lenses): 33%
• Monomer production process improvements: 22%
• Other polymer/coating applications: 11%

This indicates that DMAA is strengthening its presence in both industrial extremes—energy and biomedical materials.

DMAA Functions and Specific Figures from Patents

1. Oil Recovery & Drilling

• Copolymers of DMAA and acrylamide (typical ratio DMAA:AM = 10:90–95:5) are frequently patented.
• For 1 wt% aqueous solutions, the target viscosity is ≥50–55 cP, specified as a standard for EOR polymers.
• Incorporating DMAA improves salt and thermal resistance, enabling polymers to withstand harsher field conditions compared to conventional acrylamide-based polymers.

2. Biomedical & Hydrogel Applications

• In expansion microscopy hydrogels, DMAA content is listed as 10–40 wt%, with swelling ratio and mechanical strength tuned by composition.
• In photo-switchable hydrogels, DMAA acts as the core monomer of reversible nanogels, enabling light-triggered volume changes.
• Johnson & Johnson filings list DMAA among contact lens monomers, suggesting benefits in abrasion resistance and hydrophilicity.

3. Production Process Patents

• Patents in China and Japan focus on high-yield synthesis, by-product suppression, and gelation control for DMAA production.
• These improvements aim at stable supply to downstream markets such as oil recovery, paper, textiles, and pharmaceuticals.

Recent Research Highlight: Temperature-Responsive Adhesive Wearable Sensor (Materials & Design, 2025)

A recent study (1-s2.0-S0264127525011141-main) used PDMA (poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)) as a temperature-responsive adhesive layer in wearable sensors. The material demonstrated performance levels suitable for real-world use:

• Adhesion strength: ≈ 118 N/m (dry skin), ≈ 48 N/m (wet skin) — comparable to medical tape (≈122 N/m)
• Phase transition temperature (Tm): ≈ 38.1 °C (enabling removal near skin temperature)
• Water contact angle: ≈ 107.2° (hydrophobicity for waterproofing)
• Breathability: 0.06 kPa·s/m (comfortable for long-term wear)
• Response time: ≈ 130 ms (fast enough for sensing applications)
• Durability: stable over 2,000 cycles of use

This clearly shows that DMAA-based polymers can balance “comfort, strong adhesion, and temperature responsiveness,” which are typically conflicting requirements.

Application Proposals

1. Temperature-Responsive Wearable Patches
• For medical monitoring or rehabilitation, materials that adhere strongly but can be removed without skin damage are highly valuable.
• Patent strategy: claim novelty by specifying quantitative performance (118/48 N/m adhesion, Tm ~38 °C) combined with “temperature-switchable adhesion” functionality.
2. Contact Lens Materials
• DMAA can improve hydrophilicity and durability, offering differentiation from standard monomer blends.
• With Johnson & Johnson’s patent activity, DMAA-containing formulations could become mainstream in lens manufacturing.
3. Hydrogels for Imaging & Biomedicine
• By tuning DMAA content (10–40 wt%), swelling ratio and mechanical strength can be precisely controlled.
• Promising for expansion microscopy kits or drug delivery systems.
4. Oil & Gas Applications
• Improved EOR polymers with enhanced high-temperature and high-salinity resistance.
• Continued use in drilling fluids, cement additives, and enhanced oil recovery formulations is backed by strong patent activity.

Conclusion

• DMAA patent filings are active in oil & gas and biomedical materials, with concurrent innovations in monomer production processes.
• Patents frequently specify quantitative metrics (ratios, viscosities, adhesion strength, transition temperatures), providing a foundation for R&D and IP strategy.
• Cutting-edge research demonstrates DMAA’s potential in temperature-responsive wearable adhesives, achieving high adhesion and comfort.
• Future developments are expected in durable hydrogels, temperature-switchable adhesives, medical device materials, and improved EOR polymers.

🧵 Proposal on the Use of DAAM (Diacetone Acrylamide) in Textile Finishing Agents

1. Basic Mechanism

• DAAM is used as a comonomer for polymers designed for textile modification.
• Its key feature is post-crosslinking capability via the carbonyl group (C=O).
• It undergoes condensation with dihydrazide compounds such as adipic dihydrazide (ADH) to form crosslinks, thereby significantly improving wash durability and abrasion resistance.

In practice:

• Coating applied to fibers → reacts with ADH during heat treatment → strong bonding between the fiber surface and resin → long-lasting finishing performance.

2. Specific Applications in Textile Finishing

(1) Anti-wrinkle and durable press finishing agents

• Cotton and rayon are prone to wrinkling.
• DAAM copolymers form crosslinks that stabilize molecular chains in fabrics → wrinkles are less likely to recover and ironing becomes easier.
• In particular, DAAM is in demand as a formaldehyde-free resin finishing agent.

(2) Anti-shrinkage finishing agents

• Prevents shrinkage of wool and cotton.
• DAAM copolymer resins form a film on the fiber surface, and crosslinking reduces inter-fiber friction.

(3) Wash-durability enhancers (printing and pigment finishing)

• In textile printing, a binder is essential to adhere pigments to fiber surfaces.
• When DAAM copolymers are used and crosslinked with ADH, color fading after washing is minimized.
• Widely used in high-fastness pigment printing finishes.

(4) Functional finishing agents

• Adjusting hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance
• Base resins for antistatic agents
• Anti-soiling finishes (crosslinking promotes uniform film formation)

3. Competing and Alternative Monomers

(A) N-Methylolacrylamide (NMAA)

• Formerly the mainstream in wrinkle-resistant textile finishing.
• Releases formaldehyde, thus restricted under tightened regulations.
• Currently, DAAM + ADH systems are gaining attention as substitutes.

(B) Urea-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde resins

• Provide strong crosslinking capability.
• However, they pose formaldehyde release issues and risk of yellowing.

(C) Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)

• Epoxy groups can chemically bond with fibers.
• However, cured films are hard and brittle, impairing the fabric’s softness and hand feel.

(D) Hydrophilic monomers such as DMAA and NVP

• Provide water solubility and hydrophilicity but lack crosslinking capability, leading to poor wash durability.
• Therefore, they are rarely used alone but sometimes combined with DAAM for property adjustment.

4. Why DAAM is Selected

1. Formaldehyde-free solution
   → Highly attractive as an alternative in Europe, Japan, and North America where formaldehyde regulations are strict.
2. Transparent and non-coloring
   → Can be safely applied to white and light-colored fabrics without discoloration.
3. Excellent post-crosslinking capability
   → Reacts with ADH to deliver durability comparable to NMAA or urea-formaldehyde resins.
4. Maintains fabric hand and softness
   → Provides adequate crosslinking while preserving fabric softness and touch.