Proposal for DMAA Applications Based on the Latest Research — As a High-Functional Material for LiBs

This proposal, intended for battery engineers, highlights the utility of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA/DMA) in next-generation lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) based on the 2026 research article, "Fluorinated Deep Eutectic Gel Electrolytes with Simultaneously Enhanced Mechanical Strength and Ionic Conductivity for Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries."

1. Overview: Solving the Trade-off via Bicontinuous Phase Separation

Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) typically suffer from a fundamental trade-off: increasing polymer content for mechanical strength inevitably reduces ionic conductivity. This study overcomes this hurdle by using a "molecular competition" strategy to spontaneously generate a nanoscale bicontinuous phase-separated architecture.

By copolymerizing DMAA (an acceptor-only monomer) and acrylamide (AM, both a donor and acceptor) within a fluorinated deep eutectic solvent (DES), the system decouples mechanical reinforcement and ion transport.

2. Experimental Conditions and Evaluation Methodology

The research employs precise material design and advanced analytical techniques to validate the superiority of the DMAA-based gel:

• Electrolyte Composition (Optimal "AD60"):
• Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES): A 8:1 molar ratio of N-methyl-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (TNMA) and LiTFSI salt.
• Polymer Matrix: A copolymer of AM (60 mol%) and DMAA (40 mol%) with N,N’-Methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA) as a crosslinker.
• Fabrication: Prepared via a one-step in-situ UV-initiated radical polymerization. The electrolyte can be fabricated to a thickness of 40 µm while ensuring excellent interfacial contact with the cathode.
• Key Analytical Tools:
• Morphology & Structure: AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) Young’s modulus mapping and AFM-IR were used to identify the spatial distribution of soft and stiff domains at the nanoscale. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) confirmed domain spacings of 24.2–69.8 nm.
• Transport Kinetics: Classical Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations analyzed Li⁺ solvation structures and diffusion coefficients. Distribution of Relaxation Times (DRT) analysis was used to deconvolute interfacial resistances.

3. The Utility of DMAA: Creating "Ion Transport Highways"

DMAA plays a decisive role in structuring the "soft phase" that facilitates rapid ion movement.

• Mechanism of Phase Separation: Unlike AM, DMAA lacks a hydrogen bond donor. This makes it highly miscible with the DES. During polymerization, the self-associating AM units segregate into rigid domains, while the DMAA-rich segments remain swollen with DES, forming interconnected, high-mobility ion-conducting pathways.
• High Ionic Conductivity & Transference Number: The optimized AD60 gel achieves an exceptional ionic conductivity of 2.99 mS cm⁻¹ at 30°C. Furthermore, while AM units "anchor" anions (TFSI⁻) via hydrogen bonding, the DMAA-rich channels allow Li⁺ to move freely, resulting in a high Li⁺ transference number (tLi⁺) of 0.78.
• Mechanical Resilience: The introduction of DMAA enables a synergistic toughening effect. The gel exhibits a tensile strength of 11.4 MPa and a remarkable elongation of 473%. It also possesses self-healing capabilities, recovering its structure at 60°C within one minute.

4. Proven Battery Performance

The DMAA-based electrolyte (AD60) demonstrated outstanding stability and safety:

• Dendrite Suppression: Li||Li symmetric cells operated stably for over 3500 hours at 0.1 mA cm⁻².
• Full Cell Stability: Li|AD60|NCM811 cells retained 77.5% capacity after 400 cycles at a high rate of 2C.
• Safety: The fluorinated TNMA components provide flame retardancy, and pouch cells (up to 2.5 Ah) successfully passed nail-penetration tests without fire or smoke.

5. Proposed Applications Beyond Batteries

The unique properties of DMAA-based phase-separated gels—specifically high ionic conductivity, mechanical toughness, and self-healing—open doors to diverse fields:

• Soft Robotics and Artificial Muscles: Utilizing the high energy dissipation and electrochemical response of the gel for actuators.
• Flexible and Wearable Electronics: High stretchability and ionic conductivity make it an ideal material for strain or pressure sensors that conform to the human body.
• Bio-electronic Interfaces: Due to the biocompatibility of acrylamide-based gels and high ion transport, it can be applied as bio-signal recording electrodes.
• Smart Windows/Displays: Utilizing ion-migration-controlled optical properties in flexible electrochromic devices.

Conclusion

DMAA is not merely a diluent; it is a structural programmer that enables the spatial decoupling of transport and mechanical functions. For manufacturers aiming for high-safety, high-power solid-state batteries, DMAA-based bicontinuous gel electrolytes offer a scalable and high-performance solution.

Reference: "Fluorinated Deep Eutectic Gel Electrolytes with Simultaneously Enhanced Mechanical Strength and Ionic Conductivity for Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries" (Advanced Materials, 2026)

✨ Proposal for Applying NIPAM in Flexible Wearable Sensors — Insights from a Latest Research Paper

The rapid growth of wearable electronics continues to push the boundaries of performance, durability, and user comfort. Yet one persistent challenge remains: heat accumulation under strong sunlight or high‑temperature environments, which often leads to signal drift, material degradation, and reduced long‑term reliability.

A recent study by Chen et al. (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026) highlights a promising solution — the integration of thermoresponsive NIPAM‑based hydrogels with 3D‑printed ionic conductive networks to create a dual‑functional smart sensing system.

🔬 Why NIPAM Matters for Next‑Generation Wearables

Poly(N‑isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) exhibits a reversible phase transition near its lower critical solution temperature (LCST ≈ 32°C) — remarkably close to human skin temperature. This unique behavior enables:

🌡️ Adaptive thermal regulation

🔁 Hydrophilic–hydrophobic switching

🎨 Thermochromic optical changes

🌬️ Evaporative cooling capability

These features make NIPAM an exceptional candidate for self‑regulating wearable systems that must remain stable under fluctuating environmental conditions.

⚙️ Breakthrough Demonstrated in the Latest Research

Chen and colleagues developed a dual‑functional smart sensor by combining:

🧩 1. A highly stable 3D‑printed sensing unit

Built from PETMP, PEGDA, PUA, and DMC, the printed network provides:

• High elasticity and fatigue resistance
• Stable ionic conductivity
• Low signal drift under repeated deformation

❄️ 2. A thermoresponsive NIPAM‑based hydrogel layer

Formulated with gelatin, NIPAM, PEGDA, and CMC, the hydrogel offers:

• Precisely tunable LCST near human comfort range
• Thermochromic behavior
• Passive cooling under heat or sunlight

🔗 3. Strong interfacial coupling via in‑situ gelation

Their “printing‑induced porosity + low‑temperature in‑situ gelation” strategy allows the hydrogel to penetrate and anchor within the porous sensing network, achieving:

• Robust mechanical integration
• Long‑term structural stability
• Independent yet synergistic sensing and thermal‑management functions

🚀 Implications for the Wearable Electronics Industry

This dual‑functional design provides a new pathway toward heat‑adaptive, long‑lasting, and reliable wearable sensors, especially for:

🏥 Health‑monitoring patches

🏃 Sports and outdoor smart textiles

🏭 Industrial safety wearables

🌞 High‑temperature operational environments

NIPAM’s thermoresponsive behavior could become a key enabling technology for next‑generation wearable platforms that demand both mechanical precision and environmental adaptability.

📚 Reference

Chen, Y., Zhou, F., Zhang, T., Zhang, X., Wang, W., & Yu, D. A dual-functional smart sensor integrating 3D-printed technology and thermoresponsive hydrogel for mechanical sensing and adaptive thermal management. Chemical Engineering Journal, 545, 179352 (2026).

🔷 APAC Strategy Insights| Series1-Episode 5 South Korea: The Gateway to Global Supply Chains

Chapter 4: South Korea

"A global supply chain entry market, not a population growth market"

South Korea is a high-value-added market centered on advanced manufacturing and large corporate supply chains in APAC. Based on the semiconductor mega cluster, secondary batteries, the hydrogen economy, and the 2050 carbon neutrality strategy, it is promoting investments in semiconductors, batteries, electronic materials, functional chemicals, and water treatment at the national level.

The government is advancing the K-Semiconductor Strategy, the Hydrogen Economy Roadmap, and K-REACH to balance industrial competitiveness and environmental regulation. Global companies such as Samsung Electronics, SK hynix, and LG Energy Solution operate their own Supplier Code of Conduct and Restricted Substances List (RSL), requiring the reduction of hazardous chemicals like NMP throughout their supply chains. These requirements are important criteria for foreign companies. In the future, demand for semiconductor materials, battery materials, ultrapure water, and environmental compliance technologies is expected to expand further. South Korea should be positioned as a strategic market for complying with world-class manufacturing standards and entering global supply chains.

1. Macro Environment

Population, GDP, Manufacturing, and R&D South Korea is a mature market facing structural challenges of aging. Its manufacturing base is extremely strong, making it important as a high-value-added manufacturing, mass production technology, and export nation.

According to Statistics Korea, the population as of November 1, 2024, is 51.81 million. The Seoul metropolitan area population is 26.31 million, over 50% of the total. (National Data Center) According to the World Bank, South Korea's nominal GDP in 2024 is approximately 1.88 trillion USD, with a GDP growth rate of 2.0%. It is a high-income manufacturing nation. (World Bank Open Data)

Regarding manufacturing, Semiconductors, batteries, electronic materials, chemicals, steel, and automobiles are the core of competitiveness. (World Bank Open Data) Regarding R&D, South Korea is one of the most R&D-intensive countries in the world. The major R&D budget for 2025 is 24.8 trillion won. (World Bank Open Data)

Assessment of Macro Environment South Korea is a high-value-added manufacturing, technology implementation, and large corporate supply chain market. Demand for advanced materials arises within an industrial ecosystem centered on Samsung, SK, LG, Hyundai, and POSCO.

2. Government Strategy

Semiconductors, Batteries, Carbon Neutrality, Hydrogen, and R&D The most important policy is semiconductors. South Korea plans to build the world's largest semiconductor mega cluster by 2047, aiming for a total investment of 622 trillion won. (Korea.net) Regarding batteries, the strategy aims for a 40% global market share by 2030 and over 50 trillion won in domestic investment. (investkorea.org)

In decarbonization policy, South Korea has legalized 2050 carbon neutrality through the Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth Framework Act. The 2030 NDC targets a 40% reduction from 2018 levels. (unfccc.int) Regarding hydrogen, the Roadmap indicates hydrogen could account for 20% of needed CO₂ reductions in 2050, focusing on mobility, fuel cells, and supply chains. (Australian Hydrogen Council)

Assessment of Government Strategy South Korea's national strategy is centered on semiconductors, batteries, hydrogen, and carbon neutrality. If Japan is trust formation and Singapore is APAC management, then South Korea is a high-density supply chain market led by large corporations.

3. Industrial Opportunity  

Strategic Sectors and Market Opportunities

Sector	Importance	Rationale	Business Opportunity
Semiconductor Materials	★★★★★	Semiconductor mega cluster by 2047; 622 trillion won investment	High-purity chemicals, CMP, photo materials, cleaning, encapsulation, thermal management
Battery Materials	★★★★★	40% global market share target by 2030; over 50 trillion won investment	Cathodes, anodes, electrolytes, binders, recycling
Ultrapure & Industrial Water	★★★★☆	Demonstration projects for domestic ultrapure water supply	Ultrapure water for semiconductors, reused water, wastewater treatment, membranes
Hydrogen • Fuel Cells	★★★★☆	Hydrogen Economy Roadmap	Catalysts, membranes, storage materials, fuel cell components
Low-Carbon Mfg	★★★★☆	2050 Carbon Neutrality, 2030 NDC	CCUS, energy saving, low-carbon processes
Chemical/Regulatory Materials	★★★★☆	K-REACH, Chemical Control Act	Alternative materials, low-toxicity materials, compliant additives

Semiconductor and battery materials are particularly important. The mega cluster plan creates demand for chemicals and ultrapure water. (Korea.net) A demonstration project supplies ultrapure water to SK Siltron for SiC wafer manufacturing, showing that ultrapure water is a key theme. (niwdc.mcee.go.kr)

4. Regulatory Landscape

Chemical Substances, Carbon, and Battery Lifecycle K-REACH is the central regulation for chemical substances. (elaw.klri.re.kr) Hazardous chemical classification and registration will become entry conditions. (elaw.klri.re.kr) In carbon regulation, the 2030 NDC targets energy-intensive industries for energy saving and process transformation. (unfccc.int) Regarding batteries, the Ministry of Environment aims for an integrated management system for used batteries by 2027, creating opportunities in recycling and traceability. (mcee.go.kr)

Leading companies' voluntary regulations have a large impact. Samsung Electronics has management standards for residues like NMP. LG Energy Solution targets a 97% NMP recycling rate. Samsung SDI requires suppliers to track hazardous substances. Compliance with these customer-specific standards is a practical entry condition.

5. Technology Assessment

Technical Challenges, Missing Technologies, and Implementation Challenges South Korea's technical challenges are materials, processes, and supply chains for ultra-high-performance manufacturing.

Sector	Technical Challenges	Entry Points for Foreign Companies
Semiconductors	Miniaturization, ultra-high purity, ultrapure water, thermal management	High-purity chemicals, CMP, cleaning, encapsulation, thermal interface materials
Batteries	Reducing China dependence, next-generation batteries, recycling	Cathodes/anodes, electrolytes, binders, metal recovery
Water Treatment	Ultrapure water for semiconductors/SiC, reused water	Membranes, ion exchange, TOC removal, analysis/sensors
Hydrogen	Supply network, storage, fuel cell durability	Catalysts, membranes, storage materials, durable parts
Low-Carbon Mfg	2030 NDC, 2050 CN compliance	CCUS, energy saving, low-carbon processes
Chemical Regs	K-REACH compliance	Low-toxicity alternatives, PFAS alternatives, registration data development

Requirement levels are extremely high as customers are world-class. Joint evaluation and mass production stability are essential.

6. Business Development Opportunity

Entry Points and Collaboration Potential for Foreign Companies South Korea is a supply chain market led by large corporations.

Foreign Company Type	Opportunities in South Korea	Anticipated Points of Contact
Semiconductor Materials	Chemicals, CMP, cleaning, encapsulation, thermal management	Samsung, SK Hynix, material trading firms
Battery Materials	Cathode/Anode/Electrolyte/Recycling	LG Energy Solution, Samsung SDI, SK On
Water Treatment	Ultrapure water, reused water, wastewater treatment	Semiconductor plants, K-water, EPC
Hydrogen • Fuel Cells	Catalysts, membranes, storage, fuel cell parts	Hyundai, energy companies
Chemical Reg Compliance	K-REACH compliance, alternative materials	Chemical manufacturers, electronic material firms
CCUS • Low-Carbon	Decarbonization for steel, chemical, power generation	POSCO, petrochemicals, power companies

Important is entering the procurement processes of conglomerate-affiliated companies. Evaluation periods are long and supply responsibility is heavy.

7. Koji Teramoto View

South Korea is a "supply chain market for the world's top manufacturing companies" rather than a "market of volume" in my view. In semiconductors, batteries, displays, automobiles, hydrogen, and steel, South Korean companies possess global competitiveness. For advanced foreign material companies, being adopted in South Korea also leads to gaining trust in the global market.

References

1. Statistics Korea, "2024 Population and Housing Census."
2. World Bank, "Korea, Rep. Data."
3. World Bank, "Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP) - Korea, Rep."
4. World Bank, "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) - Korea, Rep."
5. Ministry of Science and ICT, "Major R&D Budget for 2025 Set to Be KRW 24.8 Trillion."
6. Korea.net, "Nation to build world’s biggest semiconductor cluster by 2047."
7. Invest Korea, "Battery Industry."
8. Republic of Korea, "The Republic of Korea’s 2035 NDC."
9. Korea Hydrogen Economy Roadmap.
10. KLRI, "Act on Registration and Evaluation of Chemical Substances."
11. Ministry of Environment, "Ultrapure Water Demonstration Project."
12. Ministry of Environment, "Integrated Management System for Used Batteries."

🔷 APAC Strategy Insights| Series1-Episode 4 India

Chapter 3: India

"A massive domestic demand and technology independence market, not a low-price market"

India is the most significant growth market among major APAC countries. According to the World Bank, the nominal GDP in 2024 is 3.91 trillion USD, with a GDP growth rate of 6.5%, and FDI inflows are also expanding in the long term according to DPIIT-related announcements. (World Bank Open Data) In terms of national strategy, Viksit Bharat 2047, Make in India, the India Semiconductor Mission, the National Green Hydrogen Mission, CCTS, and the Circular Economy Framework are important. These are directly linked to semiconductor materials, specialty chemicals, water treatment, green hydrogen, battery recycling, chemical recycling, and low-carbon manufacturing. (niti.gov.in) India is not a "sales market" but a market for localization, mass production, price adaptation, and long-term investment. The workflow of creating trust in Japan, designing APAC expansion in Singapore, and pursuing mass production and localization in India is extremely important as an APAC Business Development strategy.

1. Macro Environment

Population, GDP, Manufacturing, FDI, and R&D India is the market with the largest population size and highest growth potential among major APAC countries. While Japan and Singapore are "mature markets" or "management/verification markets," India is a massive growth market where population size, domestic demand, attracting manufacturing, digitalization, decarbonization, and infrastructure development are progressing simultaneously.

According to the World Bank, India's nominal GDP in 2024 is approximately 3.91 trillion USD, with a per capita GDP of about 2,694.7 USD and a 2024 GDP growth rate of 6.5%. This indicates that while India is still lower in income compared to Japan and Singapore, the overall economy is a large-scale market that continues high growth. (World Bank Open Data)

Regarding manufacturing, the World Bank continuously publishes "Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP) - India," which allows for international comparison. The Indian government positions manufacturing as a pillar of national growth through Make in India and semiconductor policies. (World Bank Open Data)

Regarding FDI, according to DPIIT-related government announcements, total FDI inflows reached a cumulative 1.1 trillion USD from April 2000 to June 2025. Furthermore, annual FDI inflows increased from 36.05 billion USD in fiscal 2013-14 to 80.62 billion USD in fiscal 2024-25. This shows that India is increasing its importance as a manufacturing, service, digital, and R&D hub for global companies. (pib.gov.in)

Regarding research and development, according to PIB announcements, India's total R&D expenditure, GERD, doubled from 60,196.75 crore rupees in fiscal 2010-11 to 127,380.96 crore rupees in fiscal 2020-21. On the other hand, the ratio of GERD to GDP remains at 0.6–0.7%, lower than China or South Korea. This indicates that while India has a massive technological demand, there is significant room for collaboration with foreign companies. (pib.gov.in)

Assessment of Macro Environment India is the most typical quantitative growth market in APAC. FDI, manufacturing policies, semiconductor policies, green hydrogen, carbon markets, and circular economy policies are progressing simultaneously, making it a market where quantitative growth and industrial sophistication overlap.

2. Government Strategy

Viksit Bharat 2047, Make in India, Semiconductors, Green Hydrogen, and Carbon Markets Important for the Indian government's long-term vision is Viksit Bharat 2047. NITI Aayog's "Strategic Imperatives for Viksit Bharat @2047" states that to achieve Viksit Bharat by 2047, it is necessary to focus on four strategic pillars: Economic Competitiveness, Strong National Security, Secure Global Partnerships and Alliances, and Robust Legal Foundations. (niti.gov.in)

In manufacturing policy, Make in India is central. The official website continuously lists measures such as semiconductor unit approvals and the Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme. India is pursuing policies to reduce import dependence and expand domestic manufacturing. (makeinindia.com)

In semiconductor policy, the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) is important. ISM is a core agency aimed at building a semiconductor, display, and ecosystem to position India as a global hub. (ism.gov.in) NITI Aayog's 2026 document "Future of India’s Semiconductor Industry" identifies dependence on imported black-box technology as a strategic risk for Viksit Bharat. This indicates that India is emphasizing the building of an ecosystem that includes design, materials, and equipment. (niti.gov.in)

In decarbonization policy, the National Green Hydrogen Mission is important. Approved in January 2023 with an initial budget of 19,744 crore rupees, it targets at least 5 MMT per annum of green hydrogen capacity by 2030. (pib.gov.in)

Regarding carbon markets, the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) has been introduced. PIB explains CCTS as a carbon pricing mechanism for greenhouse gas emission reduction, consisting of a compliance mechanism for mandated companies and an offset mechanism for voluntary participants. (pib.gov.in)

In circular economy policy, PIB announcements from MoEFCC explain that Waste Management Rules have been notified under the Circular Economy Framework regarding plastic waste, battery waste, E-waste, and solid waste. (pib.gov.in)

Assessment of Government Strategy India's national strategies can be organized as follows:

Policy Area	Direction	Meaning for Materials/Chemical/Water Cos
Viksit Bharat 2047	Developed nation status, competitiveness	Long-term industrial sophistication market
Make in India	Domestic manufacturing, exports	Local production, supply chain construction
India Semiconductor Mission	Semiconductor/Display ecosystem	Electronic materials, chemicals, encapsulation
National Green Hydrogen Mission	5 MMT green hydrogen target	Electrolysis, catalysts, membranes, storage
CCTS / India Carbon Market	Emission reduction and carbon pricing	Energy saving, low-carbon materials, CCUS
Circular Economy Framework	Waste management and EPR	Recycling, separation, purification

The Indian government's policies are designed to transform a population-growth market into an industrial nation. For foreign companies, India is not merely an export destination but a market that assumes local manufacturing, local partners, price adaptation, and long-term investment.

3. Industrial Opportunity

Strategic Sectors and Market Opportunities The following are the industrial opportunities that will be important in India for 2030–2035.

Sector	Importance	Rationale Based on References	Business Opportunity
Semiconductor Materials	★★★★★	ISM goals for ecosystem; NITI Aayog views import dependence as a strategic risk.	High-purity chemicals, CMP, photo materials, encapsulation, thermal management, gas, cleaning
Functional Materials / Specialty Chemicals	★★★★★	Invest India explains demand from automotive, personal care, water treatment, and construction.	Additives, adhesives, coatings, interface materials, polymers
Water Treatment & Industrial Water	★★★★★	Invest India notes tightening industrial wastewater regulations driving the chemicals market.	Industrial wastewater treatment, membranes, flocculants, adsorbents, PFAS/heavy metal removal
Green Hydrogen	★★★★★	National Green Hydrogen Mission targets 5 MMT/annum by 2030.	Electrolysis membranes, catalysts, electrodes, storage, ammonia, LOHC
Batteries & Recycling	★★★★☆	Circular Economy Framework covers Battery Waste Rules and E-waste.	Li recovery, graphite, binders, recycling, purification
Chemical Recycling	★★★★☆	Waste Management Rules for plastic waste, used oil, and non-ferrous scrap.	Depolymerization, sorting, quality stabilization, catalysts
CCUS • Energy Saving	★★★★☆	CCTS introduced as a carbon pricing mechanism for GHG reduction.	CCUS, adsorbents, low-carbon processes, emission measurement

Regarding specialty chemicals, Invest India states that India's chemical consumption is low and 23% of the world's middle class could be Indian by 2030, supporting specialty chemical demand. (static.investindia.gov.in) Regarding water treatment, environmental regulation tightening and strict implementation by the CPCB are supporting market growth, which reached 800 million USD in 2019. (static.investindia.gov.in) Furthermore, over 90% of the demand for water treatment membranes in India is met by imports, indicating significant room for foreign participation. (static.investindia.gov.in)

4. Regulatory Landscape

Chemical Substances, Carbon Market, Circular Economy, and Waste Management Regulatory compliance is becoming increasingly important. CCTS is the carbon pricing system for GHG emission reduction. (pib.gov.in) Under the Circular Economy Framework, Waste Management Rules have been notified for plastic, battery, and E-waste. This indicates that EPR, recycling, and traceability will be important. (pib.gov.in) NITI Aayog documentation states that while policies promote circularity for E-waste and batteries, the ecosystem is still forming. (niti.gov.in) Regarding water treatment, regulatory tightening creates demand for materials and membranes. (static.investindia.gov.in)

Assessment of Regulatory Landscape India's regulatory environment is transitioning to highly precise mature-country type operation. For foreign companies, this means increasing complexity in compliance and also that regulations themselves create markets for energy-saving technology, recycling, and water treatment.

5. Technology Assessment

Technical Challenges, Missing Technologies, and Implementation Challenges India's technical challenges are cost, scale, localization, quality stability, and supply chain.

Sector	Technical Challenges	Entry Points for Foreign Companies
Semiconductor Materials	Dependence on imported technology; material/equipment/supply chain construction	High-purity chemicals, CMP, encapsulation, thermal management, cleaning
Water Treatment	Industrial wastewater regulations, membrane import dependence, price requirements	Low-cost membranes, chemicals, pre-treatment, concentrated wastewater treatment
Specialty Chemicals	Domestic demand expansion, quality/safety/environmental compliance	High-performance additives, interface materials, coatings
Green Hydrogen	5 MMT target; electrolysis, RE, and cost	Electrolysis membranes, catalysts, electrodes, ammonia, storage
Battery Recycling	Circular ecosystem still forming	Li/Ni/Co/Mn recovery, purification, graphite regeneration
Chemical Recycling	Waste rules development, quality stability	Depolymerization, sorting, catalysts, quality assurance
Low-Carbon Mfg	Emission reduction pressure from CCTS	Energy saving, CCUS, emission measurement, low-carbon materials

In semiconductors, NITI Aayog identifies dependence on imported technology as a strategic risk, indicating a need for domestic production of materials and processes. (niti.gov.in) In green hydrogen, the National Green Hydrogen Mission's 5 MMT target makes electrolyzers and membranes important. (pib.gov.in)

6. Business Development Opportunity

Entry Points and Collaboration Potential for Foreign Companies India is a market for localization, mass production, price adaptation, and partner strategy. Values include a massive growth market (6.5% GDP growth), a recipient market for FDI (1.1 trillion USD cumulative), a semiconductor materials market (ISM ecosystem), a water treatment market (CPCB implementation), a green hydrogen market (5 MMT target), and a circular economy market.

Foreign Company Type	Opportunities in India	Anticipated Partners
Semiconductor Materials	High-purity chemicals, CMP, encapsulation, thermal management	ISM-related companies, electronic manufacturers, state governments
Water Treatment	Industrial wastewater, membranes, chemicals, reused water	EPCs, water treatment companies, industrial parks, CPCB-compliant firms
Specialty Chemicals	Automotive, construction, water treatment, personal care	Local chemical firms, trading companies, distributors
Green Hydrogen	Electrolysis, catalysts, membranes, ammonia	Energy companies, MNRE-related operators
Battery Recycling	Li/Ni/Co/Mn recovery, purification	Battery firms, recyclers, automotive firms
Chemical Recycling	Plastics, used oil, recycled materials	MoEFCC-compliant firms, waste disposal companies
Low-Carbon Tech	CCTS compliance, energy saving, emission measurement	Steel, fertilizer, petrochemical, and cement firms

In Business Development in India, price and localization are extremely important. High performance alone is insufficient.

7. Koji Teramoto View

India is a "market of volume" and, at the same time, a "market of localization" in my view. Due to GDP growth, FDI inflows, Make in India, semiconductor policies, green hydrogen, carbon markets, and circular economy policies, significant growth opportunities exist for advanced materials, specialty chemicals, water treatment, and Climate Tech companies.

On the other hand, simply exporting high-performance technology as-is is insufficient in the Indian market. Price, local production, local partners, regulatory compliance, engagement with state governments, and long-term business development are essential.

References

1. World Bank, "India Data: GDP, GDP per capita, GDP growth."
2. World Bank, "Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP) - India."
3. DPIIT / PIB, "2025 Year End Review for Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade."
4. DPIIT, "FDI Factsheet June 2025."
5. PIB, "Parliament Question: R&D Investment in India."
6. DST, "Research and Development Statistics at a Glance 2022-23."
7. NITI Aayog, "India’s Path to Global Leadership: Strategic Imperatives for Viksit Bharat @2047."
8. Make in India, "Make in India Official Portal."
9. India Semiconductor Mission, "Home / Mission."
10. NITI Aayog, "Future of India’s Semiconductor Industry."
11. PIB, "Cabinet approves National Green Hydrogen Mission."
12. PIB, "National Green Hydrogen Mission targets a production capacity of 5 MMT per annum by 2030."
13. PIB, "Carbon Pricing in India."
14. ICAP, "India notifies emission intensity targets for nine sectors under Carbon Credit Trading Scheme."
15. PIB / MoEFCC, "Circular Economy Framework and Extended Producer Responsibility."
16. NITI Aayog, "Advancing Circular Economy of Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment and Lithium-ion Batteries in India."
17. Invest India, "Chemicals Sector Overview."
18. Invest India, "Indian Specialty Chemical Industry."
19. Invest India, "A global manufacturing hub for chemicals and petrochemicals."

Functions and Application Proposals of Acrylamide Derivatives: A Deep Dive into HEAA-Based Multifunctional Gels

This technical report summarizes the high-performance utility of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acrylamide (HEAA) based on the recent study: "Preparation of Multifunctional Conductive Sensing Gels Based on Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extreme Low-temperature Environments." This document is intended for technical evaluation to facilitate sample testing and application development.

1. Summary and Strategic Application Proposals

The research focuses on the synthesis of ionic conductive gels (HxIyTzCG) using HEAA as a primary monomer within a Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) consisting of choline chloride and ethylene glycol (ChCl/EG). HEAA’s unique molecular structure—bearing hydroxyl (-OH), amide (-NH), and carbonyl (C=O) groups—serves as a versatile platform for constructing dense, dynamic non-covalent networks. These interactions, including high-density hydrogen bonds and ion-dipole interactions, provide the gel with exceptional environmental tolerance and interfacial compatibility.

Proposed Applications for Technical Evaluation:

• Next-Generation Wearable Bioelectronics: HEAA’s PII=0 (skin irritation index) makes it an ideal candidate for long-term wearable ECG electrodes and strain sensors. Its ability to maintain stable signals even during exercise or in extreme cold (-80 °C) surpasses conventional hydrogels.
• Aerospace & Polar Exploration Electronics: Given its anti-freezing capability down to -80 °C, HEAA-based gels can be used for sensors in high-altitude aviation or polar scientific research where standard electronics fail.
• High-Durability Industrial Coatings: Leveraging HEAA's high heat resistance and UV-curability, it can be applied to rapid-curing, thermally stable protective layers. Its potential for self-crosslinking via heating and reaction with isocyanates allows for robust secondary curing in complex assemblies.
• Advanced Multi-Substrate Adhesives: The combination of HEAA with hydrophobic monomers like THFA allows for the displacement of surface water films, enabling strong adhesion even on low-surface-energy materials like PTFE.

2. Detailed Evaluation Conditions

The study utilized a one-step thermally initiated free-radical copolymerization process to optimize the properties of the HEAA-co-itaconic acid (ITA)-co-tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (THFA) network.

• Monomer Processing: HEAA and THFA were purified via column chromatography over basic alumina to remove inhibitors (MEHQ) prior to use.
• Representative Formulation (H20I1T1CG): Molar ratio of HEAA:ITA:THFA = 20:1:1.
• Polymerization Environment: Conducted in a ChCl/EG-type DES (molar ratio 1:2), which has an intrinsic melting point of -66.01 °C.
• Curing Parameters: Thermally initiated using APS (1.2 wt%) and MBA crosslinker (0.5 wt%) at 75 °C for 15 minutes.
• Testing Parameters: Tensile and compression tests at 50 mm/min; electrical testing across -80 °C to 60 °C.

3. Key Results and Performance Metrics

The HEAA-based H20I1T1CG gel exhibited superior balanced properties compared to other formulations:

• Optical Clarity: Maintained approximately 90% transparency in the visible region (400–800 nm), essential for transparent touchscreens or optical sensors.
• Mechanical Integrity: Achieved a breaking strain of 456% and a toughness of 111.52 kJ/m³. For comparison, formulations without THFA reached a Young's modulus of up to 15.72 kPa.
• Electrical Conductivity: Recorded at 0.112 S/m at 25 °C. Notably, conductivity recovers to room-temperature levels within 2 minutes after being removed from a -80 °C environment.
• Superior Adhesion: Demonstrated adhesive stress of 22 kPa on wood, 6 kPa on glass, and a remarkable 2 kPa on PTFE (Teflon).
• Sensing Precision: Gauge Factor (GF) of 1.97 with high linearity ($R^2 = 0.996$) and a rapid response/recovery time of ~350 ms.

4. Technical Discussion and Insight

HEAA's utility in this system is driven by its specific chemical functionality:

1. Hydrogen Bonding Network: FT-IR analysis showed a redshift of the carbonyl (C=O) peak from 1652 cm⁻¹ in the HEAA monomer to 1643 cm⁻¹ in the gel, confirming the formation of strong hydrogen bonds with the ethylene glycol hydroxyl groups.
2. Compatibility and Transparency: The side chains of HEAA enhance the interfacial compatibility between the polymer chains and the DES medium, preventing phase separation and ensuring long-term optical transparency.
3. Hydrophobic Modulation: By incorporating THFA, the HEAA-based network creates hydrophobic microdomains that displace surface water, facilitating the hydrogen bonds of HEAA's amide groups with the substrate, thereby increasing adhesive strength.
4. Anti-freezing Mechanism: The reconstruction of the intermolecular interaction network between HEAA and the DES effectively disrupts the crystallization of solvent molecules. This allows the system to remain flexible and functional at -80 °C without brittle fracture.
5. Safety & Processability Advantage: (Supporting Info) Beyond the cited study's results, HEAA is a highly preferred industrial monomer due to its UV-curability, allowing for rapid processing. Its low skin irritation (PII=0) ensures safety for wearable applications, while the self-crosslinking/isocyanate reactivity provides multiple pathways for structural reinforcement during manufacturing.

Reference

Ni, J., Gao, Y., Nie, X., Liu, Y., & Wu, Z. (2025). Preparation of Multifunctional Conductive Sensing Gels Based on Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extreme Low-temperature Environments. State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University.

🔷 APAC Strategy Insights| Series1-Episode 3 Singapore: The APAC Command Center

Series1-Episode 3 Singapore

"A command center for APAC business expansion, not a mass-sales market"

Singapore is an extremely critical market in APAC as a hub for regional management, verification, and commercialization of high-value-added industries, despite its small population and land size. Rather than focusing on the quantitative expansion of domestic demand, it functions as a command center for expanding advanced manufacturing, specialty chemicals, water technology, and Climate Tech into APAC by combining the attraction of foreign capital, R&D, regulatory development, government support, and financial/human resource foundations.

The government is advancing the sophistication of fields such as semiconductors, specialty chemicals, water treatment, low-carbon energy, and the circular economy through Manufacturing 2030, RIE2030, Green Plan 2030, water policy, carbon tax, hydrogen strategy, and the transition of Jurong Island. In particular, making Jurong Island sustainable, water policy centered on NEWater and desalination, and the phased increase of the carbon tax are significant market-forming factors for materials, chemicals, water treatment, and Climate Tech companies. Therefore, Singapore should be positioned not as a "mass-sales market" but as a strategic base for designing APAC business strategies, verifying technology, and expanding into neighboring countries. From a Business Development perspective, the ability to connect government agencies, research institutes, foreign regional headquarters, Japanese companies, and the ASEAN market becomes crucial.

1. Macro Environment

Population, Labor Force, GDP, Industrial Structure, FDI, and R&D Singapore is a city-state with a small land area and population among the major APAC countries. However, in terms of economic scale, income levels, FDI accumulation, research and development investment, and the sophistication of its manufacturing industry, it is not merely a small market but occupies an important position as a hub for high-value-added industries, regional headquarters, and verification in APAC.

Regarding population, according to the Singapore Department of Statistics, the total population of Singapore as of June 2025 is 6.11 million. This indicates that, unlike population-expanding markets such as India, Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia, Singapore is not a country that relies solely on the quantitative expansion of its domestic consumer market as a source of growth. (singstat.gov.sg)

In terms of the economy, the Ministry of Trade and Industry announced that the Singapore economy grew by 4.4% in 2024. Furthermore, according to 2025 data from the Singapore Department of Statistics, the GDP is 789.5 billion SGD, and the per capita GDP is 129,194 SGD. This demonstrates that while Singapore is small in terms of population size, it possesses a high-income, high-value-added economic structure. (Ministry of Trade and Industry)

In the industrial structure, as of 2025, manufacturing accounts for 18.5% of GDP. While the service industry is central, the fact that manufacturing still holds a large weight is important. The Singapore Department of Statistics states that in 2025, over 70% of nominal value-added was generated from the service industry and about 25% from goods-producing industries. (singstat.gov.sg)

Regarding FDI, the Singapore Department of Statistics announced that the inward FDI stock in Singapore's corporate sector reached 3.13 trillion SGD by the end of 2024, a 9.5% increase year-on-year. Major investment sources include the US, Japan, UK, and Hong Kong, with the US being the largest FDI supplier. This indicates that Singapore functions as a hub for investment, management, manufacturing, and research and development for global companies, rather than just being one country in the ASEAN market. (singstat.gov.sg)

Regarding research and development, the National Research Foundation states that under RIE2030, 37 billion SGD will be invested in research, innovation, and enterprise activities over the next five years. RIE2030 aims to concentrate R&D efforts on priority areas of high economic or strategic value for Singapore. (nrf.gov.sg)

Assessment of Macro Environment Singapore is not a population-expanding market. Rather, it is a high-density economy that combines high income, foreign capital concentration, R&D investment, manufacturing sophistication, and regional management functions. Therefore, for materials, chemicals, water treatment, and Climate Tech companies, the value of the Singapore market lies not in "mass sales" but in the management, verification, commercialization, trust formation, and regulatory response for APAC expansion.

2. Government Strategy

Manufacturing 2030, RIE2030, Green Plan, Hydrogen, and Water Policy One of the most important pillars of the Singapore government's industrial policy is Manufacturing 2030. The Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB) has set a goal for Manufacturing 2030 to increase manufacturing value-added by 50% by 2030 compared to 2020 levels. This is a policy designed to maintain and strengthen Singapore's position as a manufacturing base for advanced manufacturing, semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, specialty chemicals, and high-value-added materials, rather than just being a service and financial hub. (edb.gov.sg)

In research and innovation policy, RIE2030 is central. The National Research Foundation states that under RIE2030, 37 billion SGD will be invested in research, innovation, and enterprise activities, concentrating R&D efforts on priority areas of high economic or strategic value for Singapore. (nrf.gov.sg)

In environmental and decarbonization policy, the Singapore Green Plan 2030 is crucial. The plan aims to reduce waste sent to landfills by 30% by 2030, reduce household water consumption to 130L per person per day by 2030, and ensure that all new car registrations from 2030 are clean energy models. (Singapore Green Plan 2030)

Regarding carbon policy, Singapore was the first country in Southeast Asia to introduce carbon pricing. The Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment states that the carbon tax will be raised from 5 SGD/tCO₂e (2019–2023) to 25 SGD/tCO₂e (2024–2025) and 45 SGD/tCO₂e (2026–2027), aiming for 50–80 SGD/tCO₂e by 2030. (mse.gov.sg)

In the energy transition, hydrogen is a critical policy area. The Ministry of Trade and Industry states that hydrogen, along with solar, imported electricity, and other low-carbon energy sources, will complement and diversify the power mix, potentially supplying up to half of the electricity demand by 2050 depending on technological progress and the development of other energy sources. (Ministry of Trade and Industry)

Water policy is also at the core of the national strategy. According to PUB, Singapore's water demand is currently about 440 million gallons per day and could nearly double by 2065. Furthermore, it is stated that the non-household sector will account for approximately 60% of water demand by 2065, with NEWater and seawater desalination meeting the majority of future water demand. (PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency)

Assessment of Government Strategy The Singapore government's policies are designed as national strategies for high-value-added manufacturing, R&D, attracting foreign capital, water resource management, decarbonization, and regional management, rather than expanding domestic demand through population growth. For materials, chemicals, water treatment, semiconductor, and Climate Tech companies, the policies themselves act as market-creating factors.

3. Industrial Opportunity

Strategic Sectors and Market Opportunities The following are the industrial opportunities that will be important in Singapore for 2030–2035.

Sector	Importance	Rationale Based on References	Business Opportunity
Semiconductors & Advanced Mfg	★★★★★	Manufacturing 2030 targets a 50% value-add increase by 2030. EDB positions SG as an advanced mfg hub.	High-purity materials, cleaning chemicals, CMP, thermal management, encapsulation, equipment parts
Specialty Chemicals & Functional Materials	★★★★★	Jurong Island is the core of energy/chemicals; EDB indicates transition to sustainable products, specialty chemicals, and low-carbon tech.	Specialty chemicals, sustainable materials, electronic materials, functional polymers
Water Treatment & Industrial Water	★★★★★	PUB expects water demand to nearly double by 2065, with NEWater/desalination meeting future demand.	Energy-saving membranes, adsorbents, industrial water reuse, ultrapure water, wastewater treatment
Climate Tech & Carbon Reduction	★★★★☆	Carbon tax targets 50–80 SGD/tCO₂e by 2030.	Energy-saving equipment, emission reduction tech, CCUS, low-carbon materials
Hydrogen & Low-Carbon Fuels	★★★★☆	Hydrogen could supply up to half of power demand by 2050.	Hydrogen carriers, ammonia, catalysts, separation membranes, safety materials
Chemical Recycling & Waste Reduction	★★★★☆	Green Plan 2030 targets 30% reduction in landfill waste.	Resin recycling, sorting, depolymerization, quality stabilization of recycled materials
Bio & Pharma Manufacturing	★★★★☆	EDB includes pharmaceutical manufacturing in Singapore's manufacturing ecosystem.	Purification materials, single-use materials, analysis, process control materials

Regarding semiconductors and advanced manufacturing, the policy to grow the manufacturing industry under Manufacturing 2030 is clear. EDB indicates that multinational companies are establishing next-generation manufacturing facilities in Singapore, and that not only manufacturing facilities but also HQ, R&D, and supply chain management functions are located in Singapore. (edb.gov.sg)

Regarding specialty chemicals and functional materials, Jurong Island is critical. EDB aims to operate Jurong Island sustainably and transform it into an energy and chemicals park that manufactures sustainable products for the world. Furthermore, JTC explains that since 2021, there have been over 30 specialty chemical projects by global companies including Arkema, Cariflex, and Kuraray, many of which are located on Jurong Island. (edb.gov.sg)

Regarding water treatment and industrial water, PUB's water demand outlook is important. In Singapore, water demand is expected to nearly double by 2065, with the non-household sector accounting for approximately 60%. This indicates that demand for industrial water, reused water, wastewater treatment, energy-saving membranes, adsorbents, and micro-pollutant removal will increase in industrial applications such as semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, specialty chemicals, and data centers. (PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency)

4. Regulatory Landscape

Chemical Substances, Carbon Tax, Water, and Waste Regulations Regulatory compliance is important for materials and chemical companies entering the Singapore market. Regarding chemical substance management, NEA states that it will mandate chemical substance reporting for hazardous substance license and permit holders starting January 1, 2026. Upon license or permit renewal, companies must screen chemical substances imported into or manufactured within Singapore and report those meeting the reporting criteria to NEA. (nea.gov.sg)

Also, the Environmental Protection and Management Act and the Environmental Protection and Management Regulations are the fundamental systems for hazardous substance management. Singapore Statutes Online indicates that the Environmental Protection and Management Act is the law concerning environmental pollution control, environmental protection, and resource conservation. (sso.agc.gov.sg)

Regarding chemical substance management in the workplace, the Ministry of Manpower classifies carcinogens, corrosives, explosives, and flammables as hazardous substances based on the WSH Act. Furthermore, the Workplace Safety and Health Regulations stipulate that hazardous substances in the workplace must be stored, used, handled, and disposed of in a manner that does not create risks. (Ministry of Manpower Singapore)

Regarding carbon regulation, Singapore's carbon tax is important. The Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment targets raising the carbon tax from 5 SGD/tCO₂e (2019–2023) to 25 SGD/tCO₂e (2024–2025) and 45 SGD/tCO₂e (2026–2027), reaching 50–80 SGD/tCO₂e by 2030. (mse.gov.sg)

Regarding water regulation, the Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment explains that PUB monitors industrial wastewater because wastewater containing prohibited or regulated substances affects water reclamation plants and NEWater production. This means that wastewater management, water quality management, and micro-pollutant management will be important conditions for entry for industries such as chemicals, semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, and metal processing. (mse.gov.sg)

In waste policy, the Singapore Green Plan 2030 sets a goal to reduce landfill waste by 30% by 2030. (Singapore Green Plan 2030)

Assessment of Regulatory Landscape Singapore's regulations are not merely barriers to entry. Chemical substance reporting, the carbon tax, water quality management, and waste reduction are market-forming factors that create demand for low environmental impact materials, energy-saving processes, wastewater treatment, reused water, chemical recycling, and low-carbon manufacturing.

5. Technology Assessment

Technical Challenges, Missing Technologies, and Implementation Challenges Singapore's technological challenges are not a lack of basic research but implementation challenges to maintain high-value-added manufacturing within limited land, water, and energy constraints.

Sector	Technical Challenges	Entry Points for Foreign Companies
Semiconductors & Advanced Mfg	High purification, defect reduction, process stabilization, reduced wastewater load	High-purity chemicals, cleaning, CMP, thermal management, encapsulation materials
Water Treatment	Increased water demand, rising industrial water ratio, dependence on NEWater/desalination	Energy-saving membranes, adsorbents, concentrated wastewater treatment, sensors
Specialty Chemicals	Decarbonization of Jurong Island, transition to sustainable products	Sustainable materials, bio-based materials, low-carbon processes
Carbon Reduction	Emission reduction pressure due to rising carbon tax	Energy-saving equipment, CCUS, low-carbon fuels, emission measurement
Hydrogen	Import, storage, utilization, safety management	Hydrogen carriers, ammonia, catalysts, separation membranes, durable materials
Chemical Recycling	Landfill waste reduction, resource circulation	Depolymerization, sorting, recycled material quality stabilization, catalysts

From the perspective of PUB's water demand outlook, water treatment is particularly important. The outlook that water demand will nearly double by 2065 and that the non-household sector will account for about 60% indicates the importance of industrial water treatment, water reuse, and wastewater treatment technologies. (PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency)

Furthermore, the rise in the carbon tax is not merely a cost-increase factor but acts as investment pressure for energy saving, emission reduction, low-carbon fuels, CCUS, and process improvement technologies. (mse.gov.sg) Regarding Jurong Island, EDB indicates a direction to transform the energy and chemicals park into a hub for sustainable products, specialty chemicals, and low-carbon technologies. This implies an industrial transition from conventional petrochemicals to low-carbon, high-value-added, and sustainable materials. (edb.gov.sg)

6. Business Development Opportunity

Entry Points and Collaboration Potential for Foreign Companies Singapore offers values such as: an APAC Regional Management Hub where EDB explains multinational companies locate HQ, R&D, and supply chain management functions; a hub for high-value-added manufacturing, semiconductors, and specialty chemicals; a verification and commercialization market for water technology; a low-carbon and Climate Tech market; and a specialty chemicals and low-carbon materials market centered on Jurong Island.

Foreign Company Type	Opportunities in Singapore	Anticipated Points of Contact
Semiconductor Materials	High-purity chemicals, cleaning, CMP, encapsulation, thermal management	EDB, semiconductor manufacturers, equipment manufacturers
Water Treatment	NEWater, desalination, industrial water, wastewater treatment	PUB, MSE, semiconductor/chemical plants
Specialty Chemicals	Manufacturing and R&D on Jurong Island	EDB, JTC, Jurong Island companies
Climate Tech	Carbon tax compliance, energy saving, CCUS, low-carbon fuels	MTI, MSE, EMA, energy companies
Chemical Recycling	Waste reduction, recycled materials, depolymerization	MSE, NEA, chemical companies
Functional Materials	Electronic materials, bio/pharma, industrial materials	EDB, A*STAR, university, manufacturing firms

7. Koji Teramoto View

Singapore is a "market for APAC expansion design" rather than a "market of volume" in my view. Although the population size is small, the concentration of FDI, R&D, advanced manufacturing, specialty chemicals, water policy, carbon tax, and low-carbon energy policies makes it an extremely critical base for advanced foreign material companies in building their APAC strategies.

For foreign companies, a workflow of gaining technical reliability in Japan and designing APAC expansion in Singapore is rational.

References

1. Singapore Department of Statistics, "Population / Total Population as at Jun 2025." (singstat.gov.sg)
2. Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore, "MTI Maintains 2025 GDP Growth at ‘1.0 to 3.0 Per Cent’." (Ministry of Trade and Industry)
3. Singapore Department of Statistics, "National Accounts Latest News & Data." (singstat.gov.sg)
4. Singapore Department of Statistics, "Singapore Economy Infographic 2025." (singstat.gov.sg)
5. Singapore Department of Statistics, "Foreign Direct Investment in Singapore 2024." (singstat.gov.sg)
6. National Research Foundation Singapore, "Research, Innovation and Enterprise 2030." (nrf.gov.sg)
7. National Research Foundation Singapore, "RIE2030 Factsheet." (file.go.gov.sg)
8. Singapore Economic Development Board, "Singapore’s Advanced Manufacturing Industry." (edb.gov.sg)
9. Singapore Green Plan 2030, "Green Plan Key Targets." (Singapore Green Plan 2030)
10. Singapore Green Plan 2030, "Our Targets." (Singapore Green Plan 2030)
11. Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment Singapore, "Carbon Pricing Act." (mse.gov.sg)
12. Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore, "Hydrogen." (Ministry of Trade and Industry)
13. Energy Market Authority Singapore, "Singapore Launches National Hydrogen Strategy." (ema.gov.sg)
14. PUB Singapore, "Singapore’s Water Loop." (PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency)
15. Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment Singapore, "Water." (mse.gov.sg)
16. National Environment Agency Singapore, "Management of Hazardous Substances." (nea.gov.sg)
17. Singapore Statutes Online, "Environmental Protection and Management Act 1999." (sso.agc.gov.sg)
18. Singapore Statutes Online, "Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) Regulations." (sso.agc.gov.sg)
19. Ministry of Manpower Singapore, "WSH Act: Hazardous Substances." (Ministry of Manpower Singapore)
20. Singapore Statutes Online, "Workplace Safety and Health Regulations." (sso.agc.gov.sg)
21. Singapore Economic Development Board, "Powering Global Innovation in Energy & Chemicals." (edb.gov.sg)
22. JTC Corporation, "Jurong Island celebrates 25 years with new focus on specialty chemicals and low-carbon solutions." (jtc.gov.sg)

🔷 APAC Strategy Insights| Series1-Episode 2, Japan: The Market of Trust, Not the Market of Volume

Series1-Episode 2, Japan

"A market for evaluation, verification, and joint development, not a mass-sales market"

Japan is the core market for high-value-added technology, advanced manufacturing, and R&D in APAC. While quantitative growth is limited due to a declining and aging population, Japan maintains high international competitiveness in fields such as semiconductors, functional materials, electronic components, automobiles, and precision chemicals, backed by one of the world's leading manufacturing foundations, R&D capabilities, and high-quality supply chains.

The government is simultaneously promoting decarbonization and the enhancement of industrial competitiveness, with the GX2040 Vision, the 7th Strategic Energy Plan, semiconductor industrial policies, and the Program for Promoting Foreign Direct Investment in Japan as its pillars. In the GX field, investments on a scale of 150 trillion yen are expected over the next 10 years through a combination of public and private sectors. Additionally, a policy environment is being developed to support the semiconductor industry, centered on Rapidus and TSMC Kumamoto, as well as to achieve the 150 trillion yen target for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and promote collaboration with foreign companies through J-Bridge, facilitating R&D, the establishment of manufacturing bases, and joint development. Meanwhile, in Japan, while chemical and environmental regulations such as PFAS regulations, GX-ETS, and the Chemical Substances Control Law are becoming more sophisticated, there is a demand for addressing advanced technical challenges such as ultrapure water for semiconductors, industrial wastewater treatment, high-purity chemicals, battery materials, CCUS, and chemical recycling. Therefore, foreign companies are required to have comprehensive proposal capabilities that include not only simple product sales but also high-performance materials, environmentally friendly technologies, joint development, and technical demonstration. Japan should be positioned not as a "mass-sales market" but as a strategic market for gaining global trust through the evaluation, verification, and joint development of high-performance materials. From a Business Development perspective, demonstrating technology through collaboration with Japanese companies, universities, research institutes, and the government and expanding those achievements to the APAC market, including ASEAN and India, will lead to long-term competitive advantages.

1. Macro Environment

Population, Labor Force, GDP, Industrial Structure Japan is a mature market within APAC, where population decline and aging are the most significant structural challenges. According to 2023 estimates by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (IPSS), Japan's total population is projected to decrease from approximately 126.15 million in 2020 to about 87 million by 2070, with the ratio of the population aged 65 and over expected to rise to approximately 38.7% by 2070. This implies that demand will shift toward high value-added products, labor-saving technologies, automation, and efficiency in medical, water, and energy sectors, rather than quantitative expansion of domestic demand. (IPSS)

On the other hand, Japan's economic scale remains large. According to the World Bank, Japan's nominal GDP in 2024 is approximately 4.03 trillion USD, with a per capita GDP of about 32,487 USD. The GDP growth rate in 2024 was a low 0.1%, reflecting its character as a mature market. (World Bank Open Data)

The manufacturing industry remains vital to the Japanese economy. World Bank data shows that manufacturing value-added accounted for approximately 20.6% of GDP as of 2023. This indicates that high-value-added industries such as materials, chemicals, semiconductors, machinery, automobiles, and electronic components form the foundation of Japan's competitiveness. (World Bank Open Data)

Regarding research and development, Japan continues to maintain a strong foundation. The Science and Technology Indicators by MEXT/NISTEP continuously evaluate Japan's R&D activities in terms of R&D expenditure, personnel, higher education, and research outputs, serving as fundamental data that identifies Japan as an R&D-oriented industrial nation. (MEXT)

2. Government Strategy

GX, Energy, Semiconductors, FDI, and Industrial Policy The core policy of the Japanese government is Green Transformation (GX), which aims to simultaneously promote decarbonization and the enhancement of industrial competitiveness. The Agency for Natural Resources and Energy defines GX as "efforts to transform the fossil fuel-centered industrial and social structure into a structure centered on clean energy that does not emit CO₂." In February 2025, the 7th Strategic Energy Plan and the GX2040 Vision were approved by the Cabinet, clearly establishing the direction for promoting GX as a national strategy. (Energy Charge)

Regarding GX investment, a combined public and private investment of approximately 150 trillion yen is anticipated over the next 10 years. This is a comprehensive industrial policy that encompasses not only energy transition but also industrial structural transformation, materials development, capital investment, infrastructure development, and the introduction of carbon pricing systems. (Energy Charge)

Semiconductors are also a priority policy for the Japanese government. The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) positions the semiconductor and digital industries as critical areas of industrial policy, releasing strategies for the revitalization of the semiconductor industry and related documentation. As semiconductors are directly linked to AI, 5G, automated driving, IoT, and economic security, policy support for TSMC Kumamoto, Rapidus, manufacturing equipment, materials, and electronic chemicals is expected to continue in Japan. (METI)

Regarding Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), the Japanese government is active. According to the JETRO Invest Japan Report 2025, the government has set a goal to increase the FDI stock to 120 trillion yen by 2030 and aims to reach 150 trillion yen as early as possible in the early 2030s. This serves as a policy tailwind for foreign companies entering the Japanese market, establishing bases, and pursuing joint development. (jetro.go.jp)

3. Industrial Opportunity

Strategic Sectors and Market Opportunities The following six areas are considered critical industrial opportunities in Japan for 2030–2035.

Sector	Importance	Rationale
Semiconductor Materials	★★★★★	Economic security, AI, TSMC Kumamoto, Rapidus, equipment/material base
Functional Materials	★★★★★	Automotive, electronic materials, adhesives, coatings, high-durability materials
Water & Industrial Water	★★★★☆	Semiconductor fabs, PFAS, water reuse, ultrapure water
Battery Materials	★★★★☆	EV, stationary storage, recycling, Si anodes, solid-state electrolytes
CCUS • DAC	★★★★☆	GX, carbon removal, adsorbents, membranes, solvents, catalysts
Chemical Recycling	★★★★☆	Circular economy, plastic waste, PET/PA/PU, monomer recovery

In Japan, the quantitative expansion of the consumer goods market is limited due to population decline. However, demand for high-performance materials continues in fields such as semiconductors, energy, electronic materials, automobiles, medical care, and environmental regulation compliance. Therefore, Japan is considered a "market for the evaluation, verification, and joint development of high-performance materials," rather than a "mass-sales market."

4. Regulatory Landscape

Chemical Substances, PFAS, and Carbon Regulation For chemical companies, regulatory compliance is most critical when entering the Japanese market. In Japan, systems such as the Chemical Substances Control Law (CSCL), the Industrial Safety and Health Act, the PRTR system, and the Poisonous and Deleterious Substances Control Act exist for the manufacture, import, and use of chemical substances.

Regarding the CSCL, NITE explains it as "a system that evaluates new chemical substances before manufacture or import to prevent environmental pollution by chemical substances harmful to human health or the environment." METI also clearly states that there is an obligation to notify manufacturing or import quantities based on the CSCL. (nite.go.jp)

Regulation of PFAS is also becoming stricter. In 2024, METI announced a revision of the Cabinet Order to designate specific PFAS-related substances as Class I Specified Chemical Substances under the CSCL. This could affect PFAS-containing materials, surface treatment agents, coatings, semiconductor materials, and water treatment materials. (METI)

Regarding carbon regulation, the GX League and GX-ETS are being promoted in Japan. GX-ETS is an emission trading scheme implemented within the GX League, which initially began as a voluntary framework, and its future institutionalization and mandatory implementation are being watched closely. (icapcarbonaction.com)

5. Technology Assessment

Technical Challenges, Missing Technologies, and Implementation Challenges Japan's technological challenges lie in "implementation, mass production, commercialization, and regulatory compliance" rather than a "lack of basic technology."

Priority Technical Challenges

Sector	Technical Challenges	Entry Points for Foreign Companies
Water Treatment	PFAS removal, ultrapure water, energy-saving membranes, brine treatment	Adsorbents, membranes, separation materials
Semiconductor Materials	High purification, defect reduction, thermal management, cleaning, encapsulation	Coatings, thermal interface materials (TIM), ALD materials
Battery Materials	Si anodes, solid-state electrolytes, recycling, thermal stability	Electrolytes, binders, recovery technologies
CCUS/DAC	Adsorbent lifespan, low-energy regeneration, scaling up	Adsorbents, membranes, solvents, catalysts
Chemical Recycling	Cost, sorting, catalyst degradation, quality stability	Enzymes, catalysts, depolymerization, purification
Functional Polymers	Heat/salt/chemical resistance, interface control	Polymer design, additives, interface materials

Japanese companies have high quality requirements and long evaluation periods. Therefore, it is considered more realistic for foreign companies to build a track record through joint evaluation and joint development with Japanese firms rather than selling independently.

6. Business Development Opportunity

Entry Points and Collaboration Potential for Foreign Companies Although Japan is a mature market, it offers the following values for foreign companies: a verification market for high-performance materials; a market for gaining trust through rigorous customer evaluations; a technical verification hub before APAC expansion; a joint development hub with Japanese companies; and a market with policy support in GX, semiconductors, water treatment, and batteries.

Based on JETRO's inward investment policies, the Japanese government is strengthening the attraction of foreign capital, and the policy environment for foreign companies entering Japan is improving. (jetro.go.jp) The Japanese government's policy to expand foreign direct investment is not merely attracting foreign capital but is a policy package targeting GX, DX, life sciences, semiconductors, storage batteries, data centers, startup collaboration, and regional industrial location. Specifically, it includes GX Economy Transition Bonds, strengthening the foundation of the AI and semiconductor industries, priority support for foreign companies in the semiconductor field, support for CDMO and biosimilar manufacturing facilities, industrial park infrastructure development, special zone systems, interest subsidies, special depreciation and tax credits for capital investment, regional revitalization grants, push-type attraction by JETRO, and support for collaboration with domestic companies through J-Bridge. Therefore, for foreign companies, Japan is a market that offers opportunities for establishing bases, joint development, advanced manufacturing, and participation in regional industrial clusters by utilizing policy support, rather than just being a sales market.

7. Koji Teramoto View

Japan is the "market of trust" rather than a "market of volume" in my view.

While the quantitative expansion of domestic demand is limited due to the declining population, Japan remains an important market for advanced foreign material companies in fields such as GX, semiconductors, functional materials, water treatment, batteries, and CCUS, backed by policy support and high technical requirements.

For foreign companies, building a track record in Japan leads to gaining credibility for expansion into ASEAN and India. Therefore, Japan should not be positioned as a sales market in an APAC strategy but as a hub for verification, joint development, and trust formation.

References

1. National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, "Population Projections for Japan (2023 revision)." (IPSS)
2. World Bank, "Japan Data: GDP, GDP per capita, GDP growth." (World Bank Open Data)
3. World Bank, "Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP) - Japan." (World Bank Open Data)
4. MEXT / NISTEP, "Indicators Related to Japanese Science, Technology, and Innovation." (MEXT)
5. METI / Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, "The 7th Strategic Energy Plan / GX2040 Vision." (Energy Charge)
6. Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, "Achieving Decarbonization and Economic Growth Together." (Energy Charge)
7. METI, "Information Policy / Semiconductors." (METI)
8. JETRO, "Invest Japan Report 2025." (jetro.go.jp)
9. NITE, "Chemical Management Center / CSCL." (nite.go.jp)
10. METI, "Chemical Management / CSCL." (METI)
11. METI, "Revision of the Cabinet Order under CSCL / PFAS-related substances." (METI)
12. ICAP, "Japan GX-ETS." (icapcarbonaction.com)